WHAT PEOPLE ARE SAYING / 155 CLAIMS RATED

The claims board

Each claim is a proposition people repeat about John F. Kennedy’s life or his assassination, rated against the public record as of 22 October 2026. Fact-checkers are cited as sources, not as the final word. Grouped by rating, then topic.

← Interactive, filterable board · All JFK case files

  • DOCUMENTED — Shown by primary records, sworn testimony, film, recordings or official findings. The claim as stated holds up.
  • PARTLY TRUE — A real fact sits inside the claim, but the popular version adds, omits or overstates something material.
  • DISPUTED — Credible evidence points in more than one direction, or the claim turns on accounts that informed people weigh differently.
  • UNPROVEN — Not established by any public record available on 22 October 2026. It may be investigated or believed; it is not shown. Not the same as false.
  • FALSE — Contradicted by primary records, film, physical evidence, dates or official findings.

DOCUMENTED · 78

DOCUMENTED Kennedy’s life & presidency

“Kennedy was a war hero in the Navy.”

His PT boat was rammed by a Japanese destroyer in August 1943, and he led the survivors to an island.

Who says it: Biographers.

Evidence for the claim

  • Navy record as summarized by the Miller Center.

Evidence against / limits

  • The crew was asleep without a watch posted when the boat was hit.

Sources: Miller Center (University of Virginia): John F. Kennedy, Life Before the Presidency, by Marc J. Selverstone ↗

Read the full file ↗

DOCUMENTED Kennedy’s life & presidency

“Kennedy hid serious illness from the public.”

He had Addison’s disease and severe back problems, took many drugs, and his campaign denied the Addison’s diagnosis in 1960.

Who says it: Historians.

Evidence for the claim

  • Medical records opened in 2002.

Evidence against / limits

  • Dallek found the drugs did not impair his crisis decisions.

Sources: The Atlantic: “The Medical Ordeals of JFK,” Robert Dallek, December 2002 ↗ · Miller Center (University of Virginia): John F. Kennedy, Life Before the Presidency, by Marc J. Selverstone ↗

Read the full file ↗

DOCUMENTED Kennedy’s life & presidency

“Kennedy shared a mistress with Mafia boss Sam Giancana.”

The Church committee found a “close friend” of the president was also a friend of Giancana and Roselli; she was later identified as Judith Campbell Exner.

Who says it: Church committee.

Evidence for the claim

  • Some 70 logged White House calls.

Evidence against / limits

  • The committee could not say whether Kennedy knew of the CIA–Mafia plots.

Sources: Church Committee: Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders (1975) ↗

Read the full file ↗

DOCUMENTED 22–24 November 1963

“Jackie Kennedy climbed onto the trunk after the shots.”

Clint Hill and she describe it; the usual reading is that she reached for part of the skull.

Who says it: Witnesses.

Evidence for the claim

  • Hill testimony, film.

Evidence against / limits

  • Neither account says where the shots came from.

Sources: Clint Hill: Warren Commission testimony, volume II (AARC mirror) ↗ · Jacqueline Kennedy: Warren Commission testimony, volume V (AARC mirror) ↗

Read the full file ↗

DOCUMENTED 22–24 November 1963

“Oswald’s interrogation was not recorded.”

About 12 hours of questioning had no recording or stenographer.

Who says it: Warren Commission.

Evidence for the claim

  • Commission appendix 11.

Evidence against / limits

  • Gap, not proof of a cover-up.

Sources: Warren Commission report, appendix 11: reports of Oswald’s interrogation ↗ · Warren Commission report, chapter 5: detention and death of Oswald ↗

Read the full file ↗

DOCUMENTED 22–24 November 1963

“Ruby shot Oswald four minutes after sending a telegram.”

He sent a telegram at 11:17 and shot Oswald at 11:21.

Who says it: Warren Commission.

Evidence for the claim

  • Commission chapter 1.

Evidence against / limits

  • Short timing argues against a long-planned hit.

Sources: Warren Commission report, chapter 1: summary and conclusions ↗ · Warren Commission report, chapter 5: detention and death of Oswald ↗

Read the full file ↗

DOCUMENTED 22–24 November 1963

“Ruby did not walk down the ramp as the Warren Commission said.”

The House committee found he probably came by an alley and stairway, and that he was less likely to have entered without help.

Who says it: House committee.

Evidence for the claim

  • Every witness in the area except Ruby.

Evidence against / limits

  • Help may have been given unknowingly.

Sources: HSCA final report, part I-C: conspiracy findings ↗

Read the full file ↗

DOCUMENTED 22–24 November 1963

“A psychiatrist tied to CIA research examined Ruby.”

Louis Jolyon West examined Ruby for the defense in April 1964; Tom O’Neill documented his CIA-funded MKULTRA work.

Who says it: Tom O’Neill, Tucker Carlson.

Evidence for the claim

  • O’Neill’s documentation.

Evidence against / limits

  • What, if anything, West did to Ruby is not shown.

Sources: Tom O’Neill: statement to the House Task Force on Declassification, MKULTRA hearing, 30 June 2026 ↗

Read the full file ↗

DOCUMENTED Wounds, autopsy & Parkland

“Parkland doctors described a large wound at the back of the head.”

Several described it that way, which conflicts with the autopsy record.

Who says it: Parkland doctors.

Evidence for the claim

  • Their reports.

Evidence against / limits

  • Minutes-long observation under emergency conditions.

Sources: Warren Commission report, chapter 3: the shots from the Texas School Book Depository ↗ · Malcolm Perry: HSCA interview, 11 January 1978, volume VII (AARC mirror) ↗

Read the full file ↗

DOCUMENTED The shots, the rifle & the bullet

“Shots were fired from the Depository’s sixth floor.”

Witnesses, cartridge cases, the rifle and the wounds all support it.

Who says it: Every official inquiry.

Evidence for the claim

  • Physical evidence.

Evidence against / limits

  • Whether anyone else fired is separate.

Sources: Warren Commission report, chapter 1: summary and conclusions ↗ · Warren Commission report, chapter 3: the shots from the Texas School Book Depository ↗

Read the full file ↗

DOCUMENTED The shots, the rifle & the bullet

“Without the single bullet, there had to be a second gunman.”

The timing of the Zapruder film leaves too little time for two rifle shots to hit Kennedy and Connally separately.

Who says it: Warren Commission.

Evidence for the claim

  • Film timing.

Evidence against / limits

  • None.

Sources: Warren Commission report, chapter 3: the shots from the Texas School Book Depository ↗ · HSCA final report, part I-A: Oswald fired three shots ↗

Read the full file ↗

DOCUMENTED The shots, the rifle & the bullet

“Warren Commission members disagreed on the single bullet.”

Russell, among others, doubted it; the report’s language hid the split.

Who says it: Senator Russell.

Evidence for the claim

  • Executive-session and later accounts.

Evidence against / limits

  • None.

Sources: Johnson–Russell telephone call, 18 September 1964: transcript (Hood College Weisberg collection) ↗ · Warren Commission report, chapter 1: summary and conclusions ↗

Read the full file ↗

DOCUMENTED The shots, the rifle & the bullet

“The government paid millions for the Zapruder film.”

The government took it under the 1992 law and in 1999 paid the estate $16 million.

Who says it: Review Board.

Evidence for the claim

  • ARRB report.

Evidence against / limits

  • None.

Sources: ARRB final report, chapter 6 part II: medical, film and ballistics records ↗ · Library of Congress, National Film Registry: essay on the Zapruder film ↗

Read the full file ↗

DOCUMENTED The grassy knoll & second gunman

“Witnesses heard shots or saw smoke from the knoll.”

Several did, including S. M. Holland and Lee Bowers.

Who says it: Witnesses.

Evidence for the claim

  • Sworn testimony.

Evidence against / limits

  • Most witnesses with an opinion pointed to the Depository.

Sources: S. M. Holland: Warren Commission testimony, volume VI (AARC mirror) ↗ · Lee Bowers: Warren Commission testimony, volume VI (AARC mirror) ↗

Read the full file ↗

DOCUMENTED The grassy knoll & second gunman

“A congressional committee concluded Kennedy was probably killed by a conspiracy.”

The House committee did, largely on acoustic evidence.

Who says it: House committee.

Evidence for the claim

  • Final report.

Evidence against / limits

  • It could not name a second gunman.

Sources: HSCA final report: summary of findings and recommendations (1979) ↗ · HSCA final report, part I-C: conspiracy findings ↗

Read the full file ↗

DOCUMENTED Oswald: Russia, Walker & Mexico

“Oswald defected to the Soviet Union.”

He tried to renounce his citizenship at the Moscow embassy on 31 October 1959.

Who says it: Warren Commission.

Evidence for the claim

  • State Department records.

Evidence against / limits

  • The renunciation was never completed.

Sources: Warren Commission report, appendix 13: biography of Lee Harvey Oswald ↗ · Warren Commission report, appendix 15: Oswald’s dealings with the State Department and immigration ↗

Read the full file ↗

DOCUMENTED Oswald: Russia, Walker & Mexico

“The KGB defector who vouched for Oswald’s innocence was unreliable.”

The House committee concluded Nosenko lied about Oswald.

Who says it: House committee.

Evidence for the claim

  • Changing accounts.

Evidence against / limits

  • Unclear why he lied.

Sources: HSCA final report, part I-C: conspiracy findings ↗ · HSCA: Oswald in the Soviet Union, investigation of Yuri Nosenko, volume XII (AARC mirror) ↗

Read the full file ↗

DOCUMENTED Oswald: Russia, Walker & Mexico

“Oswald tried to kill General Edwin Walker.”

Marina said he admitted it; photos of Walker’s house and a note tie him to it.

Who says it: Warren Commission.

Evidence for the claim

  • Marina, photographs, note.

Evidence against / limits

  • The bullet match is only consistent.

Sources: Warren Commission report, chapter 4: the assassin ↗ · Commission Exhibit 1784: FBI interview of Marina Oswald on the Walker shooting, December 1963 (AARC mirror) ↗

Read the full file ↗

DOCUMENTED Oswald: Russia, Walker & Mexico

“The CIA withheld its Mexico City information from investigators.”

Both the Church and House committees found it did.

Who says it: Senate and House.

Evidence for the claim

  • Committee reports.

Evidence against / limits

  • Not proof of a relationship with Oswald.

Sources: Church Committee, Book V: the investigation of the Kennedy assassination by the intelligence agencies (1976) ↗ · HSCA final report, part I-D: performance of the agencies ↗

Read the full file ↗

DOCUMENTED CIA, FBI & Secret Service

“The CIA hid its Castro plots from the Warren Commission.”

The Church committee found it did.

Who says it: Church committee.

Evidence for the claim

  • Senate report.

Evidence against / limits

  • Concealment is not guilt.

Sources: Church Committee, Book V: the investigation of the Kennedy assassination by the intelligence agencies (1976) ↗ · Church Committee: Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders (1975) ↗

Read the full file ↗

DOCUMENTED CIA, FBI & Secret Service

“47% of U.S. embassy political officers were CIA.”

Schlesinger told Kennedy so in a 1961 memo released in full in 2025.

Who says it: Schlesinger memo.

Evidence for the claim

  • The memo.

Evidence against / limits

  • About 1961, not Dallas.

Sources: Arthur Schlesinger Jr. to Kennedy: “CIA Reorganization,” 30 June 1961 (original scan) ↗ · National Security Archive: “CIA covert ops, Kennedy assassination records lift veil of secrecy,” 19 March 2025 ↗

Read the full file ↗

DOCUMENTED CIA, FBI & Secret Service

“The CIA hid its liaison’s role with Oswald’s exile foes from Congress.”

Joannides ran the DRE program in 1963 and was made liaison to the House committee without disclosure.

Who says it: Jefferson Morley, Dan Hardway.

Evidence for the claim

  • Records released.

Evidence against / limits

  • No role in the killing shown.

Sources: Dan Hardway: written testimony to the House Oversight Task Force, 20 May 2025 ↗ · CIA career-medal recommendation for Joannides, 20 March 1981 (Internet Archive copy) ↗

Read the full file ↗

DOCUMENTED CIA, FBI & Secret Service

“A CIA-funded exile group clashed with Oswald in New Orleans.”

DRE’s Carlos Bringuier fought and debated him in August 1963.

Who says it: Records.

Evidence for the claim

  • HSCA, WDSU.

Evidence against / limits

  • Not shown that DRE directed him.

Sources: HSCA staff report: Directorio Revolucionario Estudiantil (DRE), volume X (AARC mirror) ↗ · WDSU radio debate: Oswald, Bringuier and Butler, 21 August 1963 (UNT Portal) ↗

Read the full file ↗

DOCUMENTED Cuba, exiles & the mob

“Castro warned that U.S. leaders would not be safe.”

He told AP reporter Daniel Harker so in September 1963.

Who says it: AP.

Evidence for the claim

  • The interview.

Evidence against / limits

  • A warning is not an action.

Sources: HSCA final report, part I-C: conspiracy findings ↗ · CIA 1975 review of allegations of Cuban involvement, opening with Castro’s 7 September 1963 interview with AP correspondent Daniel Harker, RIF 104-10051-10250 ↗

Read the full file ↗

DOCUMENTED The records releases

“Biden kept JFK files secret.”

He issued certifications in 2021, 2022 and 2023 allowing continued withholding.

Who says it: Critics.

Evidence for the claim

  • Certifications.

Evidence against / limits

  • Many records also released.

Sources: National Archives: 2021 release ↗ · National Archives: 2023 releases ↗ · Federal Register: Memorandum of 30 June 2023, Certification regarding disclosure of information in certain records related to the assassination of President John F. Kennedy ↗

Read the full file ↗

DOCUMENTED The records releases

“The 2025 release exposed Social Security numbers.”

The Archives acknowledged releasing living people’s personal identification information.

Who says it: Reporting.

Evidence for the claim

  • The files.

Evidence against / limits

  • None.

Sources: National Archives: 2025 release index (with the 30 January 2026 addition) ↗ · New York Times: “Takeaways from the release of the JFK assassination files,” 19 March 2025 ↗

Read the full file ↗

DOCUMENTED The records releases

“The Archives silently cut a released FBI file.”

A 182-page Camejo file released in January 2026 was replaced by a 17-page version without notice.

Who says it: JFKrecords.org.

Evidence for the claim

  • Archived copies.

Evidence against / limits

  • The longer versions remain elsewhere on the site.

Sources: JFKrecords.org: “silent updates” audit ↗ · National Archives: 182-page file for RIF 124-10273-10083, DocID 32989703 ↗

Read the full file ↗

PARTLY TRUE · 13

PARTLY TRUE Kennedy’s life & presidency

“Kennedy did not write Profiles in Courage.”

The Miller Center says Kennedy wrote it while recovering from back surgery, “benefiting also from the handiwork” of Senate staffer Theodore Sorensen. How much was Sorensen’s is argued.

Who says it: Critics, historians.

Evidence for the claim

  • Sorensen’s acknowledged role.

Evidence against / limits

  • The Miller Center credits Kennedy with writing it.

Sources: Miller Center (University of Virginia): John F. Kennedy, Life Before the Presidency, by Marc J. Selverstone ↗

Read the full file ↗

PARTLY TRUE The shots, the rifle & the bullet

“Gerald Ford moved the back wound to make the single bullet work.”

Ford edited the description of the wound’s location in the report; the medical evidence was unchanged.

Who says it: Critics.

Evidence for the claim

  • Ford’s edit is documented.

Evidence against / limits

  • The edit did not alter the autopsy findings.

Sources: Spokesman-Review (Washington Post): “Ford pushed for change in JFK assassination report,” 3 July 1997 ↗ · Deseret News: “Ford defends his changes in JFK report,” 3 July 1997 ↗

Read the full file ↗

PARTLY TRUE The shots, the rifle & the bullet

“CE 399 was found in pristine condition.”

It was largely intact but flattened and lost some metal.

Who says it: Critics.

Evidence for the claim

  • Its shape.

Evidence against / limits

  • Ballistics tests show it is possible.

Sources: Warren Commission report, chapter 3: the shots from the Texas School Book Depository ↗ · HSCA firearms panel: findings and conclusions, volume VII (AARC mirror) ↗

Read the full file ↗

PARTLY TRUE The grassy knoll & second gunman

“Acoustic science proved a fourth shot from the knoll.”

The House committee was told of a 95 percent chance; the National Research Council later found the sounds came after the shooting.

Who says it: House committee.

Evidence for the claim

  • The committee did find it.

Evidence against / limits

  • The 1982 NRC review.

Sources: HSCA final report, part I-B: scientific acoustical evidence of a second gunman ↗ · National Research Council: Report of the Committee on Ballistic Acoustics, 1982 ↗

Read the full file ↗

PARTLY TRUE The records releases

“Everything is out now.”

Nearly all is open; parts of the CIA Mexico City history and grand-jury and tax material remain withheld.

Who says it: Officials.

Evidence for the claim

  • 2025–26 releases.

Evidence against / limits

  • NSA Archive count of withheld pages.

Sources: National Archives: 2025 release index (with the 30 January 2026 addition) ↗ · National Security Archive: “CIA station in Mexico: the last JFK assassination records,” 1 October 2026 ↗

Read the full file ↗

DISPUTED · 11

DISPUTED Wounds, autopsy & Parkland

“The throat wound was an entrance wound.”

Dr. Perry said that afternoon it could have been an entrance; he later said he had no way to know, not having seen the back wound. Under the autopsy findings it was an exit.

Who says it: Critics.

Evidence for the claim

  • Perry’s press-conference remark.

Evidence against / limits

  • Forensic panel finding.

Sources: Malcolm Perry: HSCA interview, 11 January 1978, volume VII (AARC mirror) ↗ · Warren Commission report, chapter 3: the shots from the Texas School Book Depository ↗

Read the full file ↗

DISPUTED The shots, the rifle & the bullet

“The “magic bullet” theory is impossible.”

The House committee’s experts, with one dissent, found the single-bullet path consistent with the evidence. Connally and Senator Russell doubted it.

Who says it: Critics.

Evidence for the claim

  • Connally’s own doubt; the dissent.

Evidence against / limits

  • Wound alignment and bullet metal studies.

Sources: HSCA final report, part I-A: Oswald fired three shots ↗ · John Connally: Warren Commission testimony, volume IV (AARC mirror) ↗ · Johnson–Russell telephone call, 18 September 1964: transcript (Hood College Weisberg collection) ↗

Read the full file ↗

DISPUTED The shots, the rifle & the bullet

“CE 399 came from Connally’s stretcher.”

An inference from hospital testimony, not an observation.

Who says it: Warren Commission.

Evidence for the claim

  • Tomlinson’s testimony.

Evidence against / limits

  • Tomlinson was unsure which stretcher.

Sources: Warren Commission report, chapter 3: the shots from the Texas School Book Depository ↗ · Darrell Tomlinson: Warren Commission testimony, volume VI (AARC mirror) ↗

Read the full file ↗

DISPUTED The shots, the rifle & the bullet

“Metal analysis proves only two bullets hit the men.”

The lead chemistry behind that claim has been undermined; it no longer proves two bullets.

Who says it: Vincent Guinn, the House committee.

Evidence for the claim

  • Guinn’s 1970s analysis.

Evidence against / limits

  • Spiegelman 2007 and later critiques.

Sources: Spiegelman and others, “Chemical and forensic analysis of JFK assassination bullet lots,” Annals of Applied Statistics, 2007 (arXiv) ↗ · HSCA final report, part I-A: Oswald fired three shots ↗

Read the full file ↗

DISPUTED The grassy knoll & second gunman

“The backward head snap proves a shot from the front.”

Scientific work explains it without one, but it remains the most visible argument.

Who says it: Critics.

Evidence for the claim

  • The film.

Evidence against / limits

  • Neuromuscular and physics studies.

Sources: HSCA final report, part I-A: Oswald fired three shots ↗ · Nicholas Nalli, “Gunshot-wound dynamics model for John F. Kennedy assassination,” Heliyon, 2018 (PubMed record) ↗

Read the full file ↗

DISPUTED Oswald: Russia, Walker & Mexico

“Someone impersonated Oswald in Mexico City.”

The documents conflict, and no surviving tape settles it; the committee found Oswald himself made the trip.

Who says it: Critics, Hoover’s 23 Nov call.

Evidence for the claim

  • Hoover’s remark; Azcue.

Evidence against / limits

  • Duran said it was Oswald.

Sources: HSCA final report, part I-D: performance of the agencies ↗ · Church Committee, Book V: the investigation of the Kennedy assassination by the intelligence agencies (1976) ↗

Read the full file ↗

DISPUTED Oswald: Russia, Walker & Mexico

“Oswald met a KGB assassinations officer in Mexico City.”

Valeriy Kostikov was KGB; whether he worked in the sabotage department is not settled.

Who says it: FBI, CIA memos.

Evidence for the claim

  • FBI belief.

Evidence against / limits

  • Unresolved.

Sources: Church Committee, Book V: the investigation of the Kennedy assassination by the intelligence agencies (1976) ↗ · CIA letter on Valeriy Kostikov and Department 13, 21 May 1982 ↗

Read the full file ↗

DISPUTED Deaths, tramps & viral myths

“George H. W. Bush was CIA in 1963.”

A Hoover memo names a “George Bush of the CIA”; the CIA said it was another man.

Who says it: 1988 reporting.

Evidence for the claim

  • The memo.

Evidence against / limits

  • Bush’s denial.

Sources: New York Times: “’63 F.B.I. memo ties Bush to intelligence agency,” 11 July 1988 ↗ · New York Times: “Mistaken identity seen likely in 1963 F.B.I. memo on Bush,” 20 July 1988 ↗

Read the full file ↗

UNPROVEN · 37

UNPROVEN Kennedy’s life & presidency

“Chicago stole the 1960 election for Kennedy.”

Illinois was close and Chicago’s count was suspicious, but recounts did not change it, and without Illinois Kennedy still had 276 electoral votes.

Who says it: Republicans in 1960, later writers.

Evidence for the claim

  • Kennedy won Illinois by fewer than 9,000 votes.

Evidence against / limits

  • Kennedy would still have won without Illinois.

Sources: Miller Center: John F. Kennedy, Campaigns and Elections ↗

Read the full file ↗

UNPROVEN Kennedy’s life & presidency

“Kennedy had an affair with Marilyn Monroe.”

Rumored for decades; only one photo of them together is known, and no letter or record from either describes an affair.

Who says it: Biographers, tabloids.

Evidence for the claim

  • The 1962 birthday performance and later testimony.

Evidence against / limits

  • No direct documentation.

Sources: HISTORY: When Marilyn Monroe sang “Happy Birthday, Mr. President” to JFK ↗ · TIME: The story behind the only known photo of Marilyn Monroe and John F. Kennedy together ↗

Read the full file ↗

UNPROVEN Kennedy’s life & presidency

“Kennedy vowed to “splinter the CIA into a thousand pieces.””

The quote comes from an unnamed official in a 1966 New York Times article; no named witness has confirmed it.

Who says it: Many theorists.

Evidence for the claim

  • He did fire the CIA’s top leaders.

Evidence against / limits

  • Single anonymous source.

Sources: George: “Did President Kennedy ever actually say he would splinter the CIA?” ↗

Read the full file ↗

UNPROVEN 22–24 November 1963

“A Love Field clip shows agents being ordered to stand down.”

The clip is real; nothing in the records supports reading it as a stand-down order.

Who says it: Online videos.

Evidence for the claim

  • The agent’s gesture.

Evidence against / limits

  • Agents’ positions were set by plan.

Sources: Commission Exhibit 1026: Secret Service report on its agents’ movements, 19 March 1964 (AARC mirror) ↗ · Warren Commission report, chapter 2: the assassination ↗

Read the full file ↗

UNPROVEN 22–24 November 1963

“A Secret Service agent fired the fatal shot by accident.”

Agents in the follow-up car said no shot was fired, and the physical evidence points to Oswald’s rifle.

Who says it: Bonar Menninger’s book.

Evidence for the claim

  • Hickey picked up the AR-15.

Evidence against / limits

  • No witness or evidence of a discharge.

Sources: Commission Exhibit 1024: Secret Service agents’ statements, volume XVIII ↗ · Hickey v. St. Martin’s Press, 978 F. Supp. 230 (D.D.C. 1997) (Justia) ↗ · HSCA firearms panel: findings and conclusions, volume VII (AARC mirror) ↗

Read the full file ↗

UNPROVEN The shots, the rifle & the bullet

“Agent Paul Landis found the magic bullet in the limousine.”

His 2023 account is sincere but uncorroborated and absent from his 1963 statement.

Who says it: Paul Landis.

Evidence for the claim

  • A firsthand witness.

Evidence against / limits

  • Silence in his 1963 report.

Sources: BBC News: Secret Service agent’s account of the bullet, September 2023 ↗ · Paul Landis: Secret Service statement, November 1963 (transcript) ↗

Read the full file ↗

UNPROVEN The shots, the rifle & the bullet

“The Zapruder film was altered.”

Experts who examined the original found it a camera original.

Who says it: Critics.

Evidence for the claim

  • Witness discrepancies.

Evidence against / limits

  • Physical examination.

Sources: Roland Zavada: Analysis of Selected Motion Picture Photographic Evidence, 1998 (report files) ↗ · Library of Congress, National Film Registry: essay on the Zapruder film ↗

Read the full file ↗

UNPROVEN The grassy knoll & second gunman

“A gunman fired from the grassy knoll.”

No physical evidence, photo or wound supports it; the acoustics evidence was rejected.

Who says it: Many theorists.

Evidence for the claim

  • Witnesses and the head motion.

Evidence against / limits

  • Photo, medical and acoustics reviews.

Sources: HSCA photographic panel: alleged gunmen in Dealey Plaza, volume VI (AARC mirror) ↗ · National Research Council: Report of the Committee on Ballistic Acoustics, 1982 ↗ · HSCA final report, part I-A: Oswald fired three shots ↗

Read the full file ↗

UNPROVEN Oswald: Russia, Walker & Mexico

“Oswald had help in the Walker shooting.”

Two men were seen near the house two nights before; they were never identified or linked to him.

Who says it: Critics.

Evidence for the claim

  • The sighting.

Evidence against / limits

  • Marina’s account fits him acting alone.

Sources: Warren Commission report, chapter 4: the assassin ↗ · Commission Exhibit 1784: FBI interview of Marina Oswald on the Walker shooting, December 1963 (AARC mirror) ↗

Read the full file ↗

UNPROVEN CIA, FBI & Secret Service

“The CIA killed Kennedy.”

No record shows the agency planned it; the House committee concluded it was not involved.

Who says it: Carlson’s source, RFK Jr., others.

Evidence for the claim

  • Concealment, motive.

Evidence against / limits

  • HSCA finding.

Sources: HSCA final report, part I-C: conspiracy findings ↗ · Fox News opinion: Tucker Carlson, “Here’s the source the CIA … ,” December 2022 ↗ · The Hill: Robert F. Kennedy Jr. sees “overwhelming evidence” CIA involved in JFK assassination, May 2023 ↗

Read the full file ↗

UNPROVEN Warren, Garrison & the House

“The Warren Commission was a deliberate whitewash.”

Agencies withheld from it, but not shown that its members knowingly covered up.

Who says it: Critics.

Evidence for the claim

  • Withheld information.

Evidence against / limits

  • Its own disagreements.

Sources: Church Committee, Book V: the investigation of the Kennedy assassination by the intelligence agencies (1976) ↗ · Warren Commission report, chapter 1: summary and conclusions ↗

Read the full file ↗

UNPROVEN The records releases

“The 2025 files proved a CIA plot.”

They revealed concealment but nothing identifying a second gunman.

Who says it: Commentators.

Evidence for the claim

  • New CIA material.

Evidence against / limits

  • No plot document.

Sources: National Security Archive: “CIA covert ops, Kennedy assassination records lift veil of secrecy,” 19 March 2025 ↗ · House Oversight Task Force: JFK files hearing, 1 April 2025 (transcript) ↗

Read the full file ↗

FALSE · 16

FALSE Kennedy’s life & presidency

“Kennedy’s “secret societies” speech warned about a cabal inside the U.S. government.”

Read whole, the speech is about Cold War communism and asks the press to consider restraint.

Who says it: Viral clips.

Evidence for the claim

  • The clip is genuine.

Evidence against / limits

  • The full text names a “monolithic and ruthless conspiracy”, meaning international communism.

Sources: American Presidency Project: “The President and the Press,” address to the American Newspaper Publishers Association, 27 April 1961 ↗

Read the full file ↗

FALSE Kennedy’s life & presidency

“Kennedy was killed for issuing EO 11110 to bypass the Federal Reserve.”

The order delegated an existing silver-certificate power to the Treasury; it did not challenge the Fed.

Who says it: Viral posts.

Evidence for the claim

  • The order is real.

Evidence against / limits

  • PolitiFact rated the claim false; silver certificates were being phased out.

Sources: American Presidency Project: Executive Order 11110, 4 June 1963 ↗ · PolitiFact: “No, JFK did not plan to end the Federal Reserve,” 21 February 2022 ↗

Read the full file ↗

FALSE Kennedy’s life & presidency

“Kennedy approved Operation Northwoods.”

The Joint Chiefs proposed it; at a 16 March meeting Kennedy said he could not foresee using U.S. military force, and it was not adopted.

Who says it: Online claims.

Evidence for the claim

  • The plan was real.

Evidence against / limits

  • Not approved.

Sources: FRUS 1961–63 vol. X, doc. 314: Mongoose guidelines, 14 March 1962 ↗ · Joint Chiefs of Staff: Northwoods memorandum and annex, 13 March 1962 (National Security Archive) ↗

Read the full file ↗

FALSE 22–24 November 1963

“The limousine driver, William Greer, shot Kennedy.”

The film and every witness in the car contradict it; the fatal shot came from behind.

Who says it: Online videos.

Evidence for the claim

  • Greer turned to look back.

Evidence against / limits

  • No weapon in his hands; physical evidence points to the Carcano.

Sources: William Greer: Warren Commission testimony, volume II (AARC mirror) ↗ · Clint Hill: Warren Commission testimony, volume II (AARC mirror) ↗ · Jacqueline Kennedy: Warren Commission testimony, volume V (AARC mirror) ↗

Read the full file ↗

FALSE The shots, the rifle & the bullet

“The backyard photos of Oswald with the rifle are fakes.”

The House committee’s panel found no evidence of fakery; later computer studies agreed.

Who says it: Oswald himself, critics.

Evidence for the claim

  • Shadow claims.

Evidence against / limits

  • Camera match, 2010 and 2015 studies.

Sources: HSCA photographic panel: authenticity of the backyard photographs, volume VI ↗ · Hany Farid: “A 3-D Photo Forensic Analysis of the Lee Harvey Oswald Backyard Photo,” Dartmouth, 2010 ↗

Read the full file ↗

FALSE Oswald: Russia, Walker & Mexico

“Oswald was a paid FBI informant with a payroll number.”

The reporter Alonzo Hudkins admitted he and another newsman invented the number to test whether the FBI was tapping them.

Who says it: Texas officials in 1964.

Evidence for the claim

  • The Commission discussed the rumor.

Evidence against / limits

  • Hudkins’s admission; sworn FBI denials.

Sources: HSCA final report, part I-C: conspiracy findings ↗ · Warren Commission report, chapter 6: investigation of possible conspiracy ↗

Read the full file ↗

FALSE LBJ, Vietnam & Israel

“Mac Wallace’s fingerprint was found in the sniper’s nest.”

One examiner retracted his confirmation, and the FBI found it was not Wallace’s.

Who says it: Nathan Darby.

Evidence for the claim

  • His affidavit.

Evidence against / limits

  • FBI 1999 report.

Sources: Nathan Darby affidavit on a “Mac Wallace” fingerprint, 1998 (as posted by a proponent) ↗ · Lobster magazine: “Two stories about JFK fingerprints,” 2015 ↗

Read the full file ↗

FALSE Deaths, tramps & viral myths

“The three tramps were E. Howard Hunt and Frank Sturgis.”

The tramps were identified; anthropologists found no match.

Who says it: Theorists.

Evidence for the claim

  • Photos.

Evidence against / limits

  • Arrest records, FBI interviews.

Sources: Los Angeles Times: “Two of the ‘tramps’ questioned,” 4 March 1992 ↗ · HSCA final report, part I-B: scientific acoustical evidence of a second gunman ↗

Read the full file ↗

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