The warnings

The FBI’s missed warnings

The Phoenix memo, Zacarias Moussaoui and the wall between agencies

RECORD / AT A GLANCE

Documented

Both warnings are documented and both were mishandled, as the Justice Department inspector general and the Commission found. The Commission thought the Phoenix memo would not itself have uncovered the plot, but said publicity about Moussaoui’s arrest might have derailed it.

THE EVENTS / THE INVESTIGATION / THE STORY

The chronology.

READ THE FILE

Evidence & assessment.

Open an article for its evidence, labeled AI assessment and numbered sources. Read the complete static edition ↗

WHAT PEOPLE SAY ABOUT THIS FILE

The claims, rated.

3 claims people make about this file, each rated documented, partly true, disputed, unproven or false. Think a rating is wrong? Use Dispute or Support, or join the Discussion.

DOCUMENTED Warnings & intelligence failures

“An FBI agent warned about bin Laden followers at flight schools.”

Kenneth Williams’s memo urged a survey of flight schools. No headquarters manager saw it before 9/11.

Who says it: DOJ inspector general.

The evidence in this file ↗ · On the full claims board ↗

DOCUMENTED Warnings & intelligence failures

“FBI headquarters blocked a search of Moussaoui’s laptop.”

Headquarters said Minneapolis lacked grounds for a criminal or FISA warrant; a supervisor had warned he might crash a plane into the World Trade Center.

Who says it: DOJ inspector general.

The evidence in this file ↗ · On the full claims board ↗

All 162 rated claims ↗

OPEN THE RECORD

Sources & limits.

Numbered citations in each article identify the relevant sources. These records have different purposes and evidentiary weight.

  1. DOJ Inspector General, 2004 (released 2006): the Phoenix electronic communication ↗

    How the FBI handled an agent’s July 2001 warning about extremists in flight schools.

  2. 9/11 Commission Report, chapter 8: “The System Was Blinking Red” ↗

    The summer 2001 threat reporting, the 6 August PDB, the Phoenix memo, Moussaoui and the missed chances on Hazmi and Mihdhar.

  3. DOJ Inspector General: the FBI’s handling of Zacarias Moussaoui ↗

    How the Minneapolis office’s August 2001 request for a search warrant stalled.

  4. U.S. District Court (E.D. Va.): Moussaoui exhibits, note to the public ↗

    How the exhibit collection is organized and its limits.

  5. Senate and House intelligence committees: Joint Inquiry report, December 2002 ↗

    The first official inquiry; its findings on warnings, the CIA and FBI, and Part Four, kept secret until 2016.

  6. DOJ Inspector General: conclusions ↗

    The inspector general’s overall findings on the FBI before 9/11.

← The 9/11 hub: the story, the full timeline and every file

Discussion

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