Ballots & access

Voters excluded from the count

Wrongful removal is a real harm even when its final partisan effect cannot be measured.

A Rainbow/PUSH Coalition rally outside the Florida Supreme Court, November 28, 2000.
Village Square · Source & image context ↗

RECORD / AT A GLANCE

Documented failures; disputed scope and intent

Evidence supports wrongful exclusions and unequal access. It does not produce a reliable statewide net vote adjustment.

THE EVENTS / THE INVESTIGATION / THE STORY

The chronology.

READ THE FILE

Evidence & assessment.

Open an article for its evidence, labeled AI assessment and numbered sources. Read the complete static edition ↗

OPEN THE RECORD

Sources & limits.

Numbered citations in each article identify the relevant sources. These records have different purposes and evidentiary weight.

  1. U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, Voting Irregularities in Florida (June 2001) ↗

    Federal commission majority report, disputed by two commissioners. Investigative findings and recommendations are not a judicial verdict or a corrected election total.

  2. USCCR report, Chapter 5: The Reality of List Maintenance ↗

    Chapter of the same June 2001 USCCR report, with linked testimony and documents. Candidate-list inclusion and actual removal are different events.

  3. Thernstrom–Redenbaugh dissent, reproduced in House Judiciary hearing record (2001) ↗

    Primary dissenting argument reproduced in an official congressional record. Its criticisms are attributed, rather than adopted as independent findings.

  4. GAO-04-1041R: Department of Justice Activities to Address Past Voting Irregularities (September 2004) ↗

    GAO account of DOJ case files and dispositions. It distinguishes closure, settlement, evidence findings and changes in law.

  5. Justice Department: Orange and Osceola County voting resolutions (June 28, 2002) ↗

    DOJ announcement describing complaints and agreed decrees submitted for court approval. A settlement is not a criminal conviction.

  6. United States v. Miami-Dade County: consent order on assistance for Creole-speaking voters ↗

    Primary consent order: allegations, defendants’ position and prospective obligations are separately identified.